Submitted on October 15, 2003
Accepted on January 29, 2004
The effects of dietary calcium restriction and acute exercise on the antioxidant enzyme system and oxidative stress in rat diaphragm
Masayuki Itoh1, Shuji Oh-ishi1*, Hidekazu Hatao1, Christiaan Leeuwenburgh2, Colin Selman2, Hideki Ohno3, Takako Kizaki3, Hiroyuki Nakamura1, and Takeshi Matsuoka1
1 Fifth Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Inashiki, Ibaraki, Japan
2 Biochemistry of Aging Laboratory, Universiy of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
3 Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine and Sport Scinece, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: oshuji{at}tokyo-med.ac.jp.
Calcium deficiency is considered to increase intracellular calcium level, thus, the aim of the current study was to elucidate whether dietary calcium restriction enhanced exercise-induced oxidative stress in rat diaphragm. Twenty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to either a control group or a group subjected to one-month of calcium restriction. In addition, each group was subsequently subdivided into rested or acutely exercised group. Dietary calcium restriction significantly (p<0.05) upregulated the activities of manganese-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), copper-zinc-superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn-SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), but not catalase. Acute exercise, in addition to calcium restriction, decreased both SOD isoenzymes in the diaphragm of calcium-restricted rats (p<0.05). On the other hand, calcium restriction resulted in the increased GPX mRNA expression (p<0.05). In the control rats, acute exercise significantly (p<0.05) increased the expressions of both SOD mRNAs, whereas, in the calcium-restricted rats, it increased that of Mn-SOD mRNA (p<0.05) but decreased that of GPX mRNA (p<0.05). Furthermore, reactive carbonyl derivative, a marker of protein oxidation, was significantly greater in the calcium-restricted rats than in the control rats after acute exercise (p<0.05). The results suggest that antioxidant enzymes in rat diaphragm was upregulated in response to an increased oxidative stress by dietary calcium restriction but that upregulation is not enough to cope with exercise-induced further increase of oxidative stress.
