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INTRODUCTION |
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THE AMERICAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY (APS) endorses the Recommendations from the Declaration of Helsinki and the Guiding Principles in the Care and Use of Animals and insists that all investigations involving humans and all animal experimentation reported in its publications be conducted in conformity with these principles. Editors/Associate Editors are expected to refuse papers in which evidence of the adherence to these principles is not apparent. They reserve the right to judge the appropriateness of the use of animals and humans in experiments published in the journals. Differences of opinion will be adjudicated by the Publications Committee.
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WORLD MEDICAL ASSOCIATION DECLARATION OF HELSINKI |
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Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects1
A: Introduction.
1) The World Medical Association has developed the
Declaration of Helsinki as a statement of ethical principles to provide guidance to physicians and other participants in medical research involving human subjects. Medical research involving human subjects includes research on identifiable human material or identifiable data.
B: Basic principles for all medical research.
10) It is the duty of the physician in medical research to
protect the life, health, privacy, and dignity of the human subject.
C. Additional principles for medical research combined with medical
care.
28) The physician may combine medical research with medical
care, only to the extent that the research is justified by its potential prophylactic, diagnostic or therapeutic value. When medical
research is combined with medical care, additional standards apply to
protect the patients who are research subjects.
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APS GUIDING PRINCIPLES IN THE CARE AND USE OF ANIMALS2 |
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Animal experiments are to be undertaken only with the purpose of advancing knowledge. Consideration should be given to the appropriateness of experimental procedures, species of animals used, and number of animals required.
Only animals that are lawfully acquired shall be used in the laboratory, and their retention and use shall be in every case in compliance with federal, state and local laws and regulations, and in accordance with the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR) Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.3
Animals used in research and education must receive every consideration for their comfort; they must be properly housed, fed, and their surroundings kept in a sanitary condition.
The use of animals must be in accordance with the ILAR Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Appropriate anesthetics must be used to eliminate sensibility to pain during all surgical procedures. Drugs that produce muscle paralysis are not anesthetics, and they must not be used alone for surgical restraint, but may be used in conjunction with drugs known to produce adequate anesthesia. The care and use of animals shall be such as to minimize discomfort and pain. All measures to minimize pain and distress that would not compromise experimental results may be employed.
If the study requires the death of an animal, the most humane euthanasia method consistent with the study must be used.
When animals are used by students for their education or the advancement of science, such work shall be under the direct supervision of an experienced teacher or investigator.
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FOOTNOTES |
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1 Adopted by the 18th World Medical Association (WMA) General Assembly, Helsinki, Finland, June 1964, and amended by the 29th WMA General Assembly, Tokyo, Japan, October 1975; 35th WMA General Assembly, Venice, Italy, October 1983; 41st WMA General Assembly, Hong Kong, September 1989; 48th WMA General Assembly, Somerset West, Republic of South Africa, October 1996; and the 52nd WMA General Assembly, Edinburgh, Scotland, October 2000.
See http://www.wma.net/e/policy/17-c_e.html.
2 Based on principles formulated in 1909 by Walter B. Cannon. APS Council first adopted the Guiding Principles in 1953. Latest revision approved July 2000.
3 Institute for Laboratory Animal Research. National Research Council. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1996.
10.1152/ajpregu.00279.2002
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B. E. Levin, C. Magnan, S. Migrenne, S. C. Chua Jr., and A. A. Dunn-Meynell F-DIO obesity-prone rat is insulin resistant before obesity onset Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, September 1, 2005; 289(3): R704 - R711. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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N. W. Rajapakse, A. K. Sampson, G. A. Eppel, and R. G. Evans Angiotensin II and nitric oxide in neural control of intrarenal blood flow Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, September 1, 2005; 289(3): R745 - R754. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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E. M. Sanhueza, R. A. Riquelme, E. A. Herrera, D. A. Giussani, C. E. Blanco, M. A. Hanson, and A. J. Llanos Vasodilator tone in the llama fetus: the role of nitric oxide during normoxemia and hypoxemia Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, September 1, 2005; 289(3): R776 - R783. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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V. Perlik, Z. Li, S. Goorha, L. R. Ballou, and C. M. Blatteis LPS-activated complement, not LPS per se, triggers the early release of PGE2 by Kupffer cells Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, August 1, 2005; 289(2): R332 - R339. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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M. Fluck, S. Schmutz, M. Wittwer, H. Hoppeler, and D. Desplanches Transcriptional reprogramming during reloading of atrophied rat soleus muscle Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, July 1, 2005; 289(1): R4 - R14. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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C. R. Rooks, D. M. Penn, E. Kelso, R. R. Bowers, T. J. Bartness, and R. B. S. Harris Sympathetic denervation does not prevent a reduction in fat pad size of rats or mice treated with peripherally administered leptin Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, July 1, 2005; 289(1): R92 - R102. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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R. M. Pelis, S. L. Edwards, S. C. Kunigelis, J. B. Claiborne, and J. L. Renfro Stimulation of renal sulfate secretion by metabolic acidosis requires Na+/H+ exchange induction and carbonic anhydrase Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, July 1, 2005; 289(1): F208 - F216. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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D. J. Benos, J. Fabres, J. Farmer, J. P. Gutierrez, K. Hennessy, D. Kosek, J. H. Lee, D. Olteanu, T. Russell, F. Shaikh, et al. Ethics and scientific publication Advan Physiol Educ, June 1, 2005; 29(2): 59 - 74. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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P. Osei-Owusu, A. James, J. Crane, and K. E. Scrogin 5-Hydroxytryptamine 1A Receptors in the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus Mediate Oxytocin and Adrenocorticotropin Hormone Release and Some Behavioral Components of the Serotonin Syndrome J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., June 1, 2005; 313(3): 1324 - 1330. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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L. A. Eckel, H. M. Rivera, and D. P. D. Atchley The anorectic effect of fenfluramine is influenced by sex and stage of the estrous cycle in rats Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, June 1, 2005; 288(6): R1486 - R1491. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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G. F. Gonzales, F. A. Chung, S. Miranda, L. B. Valdez, T. Zaobornyj, J. Bustamante, and A. Boveris Heart mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase is upregulated in male rats exposed to high altitude (4,340 m) Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2005; 288(6): H2568 - H2573. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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S. P. Place and G. E. Hofmann Comparison of Hsc70 orthologs from polar and temperate notothenioid fishes: differences in prevention of aggregation and refolding of denatured proteins Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, May 1, 2005; 288(5): R1195 - R1202. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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X. Chen, K. H. Chon, and I. C. Solomon Chemical activation of pre-Botzinger complex in vivo reduces respiratory network complexity Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, May 1, 2005; 288(5): R1237 - R1247. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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M. B. Dias, M. C. Almeida, E. C. Carnio, and L. G. S. Branco Role of nitric oxide in tolerance to lipopolysaccharide in mice J Appl Physiol, April 1, 2005; 98(4): 1322 - 1327. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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D. J. Clegg, S. C. Benoit, J. A. Reed, S. C. Woods, A. Dunn-Meynell, and B. E. Levin Reduced anorexic effects of insulin in obesity-prone rats fed a moderate-fat diet Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, April 1, 2005; 288(4): R981 - R986. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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X. Ke, R. A. McKnight, Z.-m. Wang, X. Yu, L. Wang, C. W. Callaway, K. H. Albertine, and R. H. Lane Nonresponsiveness of cerebral p53-MDM2 functional circuit in newborn rat pups rendered IUGR via uteroplacental insufficiency Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, April 1, 2005; 288(4): R1038 - R1045. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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T. Matsumoto, T. Asano, K. Mano, H. Tachibana, M. Todoh, M. Tanaka, and F. Kajiya Regional myocardial perfusion under exchange transfusion with liposomal hemoglobin: in vivo and in vitro studies using rat hearts Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2005; 288(4): H1909 - H1914. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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D. C. Randall, B. R. Baldridge, E. E. Zimmerman, J. J. Carroll, R. O. Speakman, D. R. Brown, R. F. Taylor, A. Patwardhan, and D. E. Burgess Blood pressure power within frequency range ~0.4 Hz in rat conforms to self-similar scaling following spinal cord transection Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, March 1, 2005; 288(3): R737 - R741. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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N. L. Lohr, D. C. Warltier, W. M. Chilian, and D. Weihrauch Haptoglobin expression and activity during coronary collateralization Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2005; 288(3): H1389 - H1395. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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N. N. Nanthakumar, C. Young, J. S. Ko, D. Meng, J. Chen, T. Buie, and W. A. Walker Glucocorticoid responsiveness in developing human intestine: possible role in prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, January 1, 2005; 288(1): G85 - G92. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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D. Behr-Roussel, D. Gorny, K. Mevel, S. Compagnie, P. Kern, V. Sivan, J. Bernabe, M. P. Bedigian, L. Alexandre, and F. Giuliano Erectile dysfunction: an early marker for hypertension? A longitudinal study in spontaneously hypertensive rats Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, January 1, 2005; 288(1): R276 - R283. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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C. Dapp, S. Schmutz, H. Hoppeler, and M. Fluck Transcriptional reprogramming and ultrastructure during atrophy and recovery of mouse soleus muscle Physiol Genomics, December 15, 2004; 20(1): 97 - 107. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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Q. Fu, R. A. McKnight, X. Yu, L. Wang, C. W. Callaway, and R. H. Lane Uteroplacental insufficiency induces site-specific changes in histone H3 covalent modifications and affects DNA-histone H3 positioning in day 0 IUGR rat liver Physiol Genomics, December 15, 2004; 20(1): 108 - 116. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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N. Lu, B. G. Helwig, R. J. Fels, S. Parimi, and M. J. Kenney Central Tempol alters basal sympathetic nerve discharge and attenuates sympathetic excitation to central ANG II Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2004; 287(6): H2626 - H2633. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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B. Bodosi, J. Gardi, I. Hajdu, E. Szentirmai, F. Obal Jr., and J. M. Krueger Rhythms of ghrelin, leptin, and sleep in rats: effects of the normal diurnal cycle, restricted feeding, and sleep deprivation Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, November 1, 2004; 287(5): R1071 - R1079. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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N. C. Tkacs and B. E. Levin Obesity-prone rats have preexisting defects in their counterregulatory response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, November 1, 2004; 287(5): R1110 - R1115. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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J. Francis, S.-G. Wei, R. M. Weiss, and R. B. Felder Brain angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and autonomic regulation in heart failure Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2004; 287(5): H2138 - H2146. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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L. M. Ludwig, K. Tanaka, J. T. Eells, D. Weihrauch, P. S. Pagel, J. R. Kersten, and D. C. Warltier Preconditioning by Isoflurane Is Mediated by Reactive Oxygen Species Generated from Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain Complex III Anesth. Analg., November 1, 2004; 99(5): 1308 - 1315. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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P. K. Chelikani, A. C. Haver, and R. D. Reidelberger Comparison of the inhibitory effects of PYY(3-36) and PYY(1-36) on gastric emptying in rats Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, November 1, 2004; 287(5): R1064 - R1070. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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L. A. Eckel and S. R. Moore Diet-induced hyperphagia in the rat is influenced by sex and exercise Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, November 1, 2004; 287(5): R1080 - R1085. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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