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Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 290: R1488-R1495, 2006. First published January 19, 2006; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00465.2005
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Mechanisms of Tissue Repair

Macrophages and skeletal muscle regeneration: a clodronate-containing liposome depletion study

Mukesh Summan,1 Gordon L. Warren,2 Robert R. Mercer,1 Rebecca Chapman,1 Tracy Hulderman,1 Nico Van Rooijen,3 and Petia P. Simeonova1

1Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia; 2Department of Physical Therapy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; and 3Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Vrije University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Submitted 29 June 2005 ; accepted in final form 10 January 2006

The study evaluates the influence of monocytes/macrophages in the mechanisms of skeletal muscle injury using a mouse model and selective depletion of peripheral monocyte with systemic injections of liposomal clodronate (dichloromethylene bisphosphonate). This pharmacological treatment has been demonstrated to induce specific apoptotic death in monocytes and phagocytic macrophages. In the current studies, the liposomal clodronate injections resulted in a marked attenuation of the peak inflammatory response in the freeze-injured muscle in the first three days after injury. The effect was accompanied by a transient reduction (at day 1 or 3 postinjury) of the expression of several genes coding for inflammatory, as well as growth-related mediators, including TNF, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, thioredoxin, high-mobility group AT-hook 1, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP), and IGF-1. In contrast, the expression of major myogenic factors (i.e., MyoD and myogenin) directly involved in the activation/proliferation and differentiation of muscle precursor cells was not altered by the clodronate liposome treatment. The repair process in the injured muscle of clodronate liposome-treated mice was characterized by prolonged clearance of necrotic myofibers and a tendency for increased muscle fat accumulation at day 9 and 14 postinjury, respectively. In conclusion, a significant reduction of the initial monocyte/macrophage influx into the injured muscle is associated with not improved, but moderately impaired, repair processes after skeletal muscle injury.

skeletal muscle injury; inflammation; myogenesis; gene expression


Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: P. Simeonova, Health Effects Laboratory Div., National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505 (e-mail: PSimeonova{at}cdc.gov)




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