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1 Physiologisches Institut, Universität Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; 2 European Institute for Oncology, 20141 Milan; and 3 FIRC Institute for Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
During avian embryonic
development, terminal erythroid differentiation occurs in the
circulation. Some of the key events, such as the induction of erythroid
2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG), carbonic anhydrase (CAII), and
pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase (P5N) synthesis are oxygen dependent
(Baumann R, Haller EA, Schöning U, and Weber M, Dev
Biol 116: 548-551, 1986; Dragon S and Baumann R, Am J
Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 280: R870-R878, 2001; Dragon S, Carey C, Martin K, and Baumann R, J Exp Biol
202: 2787-2795, 1999; Dragon S, Glombitza S, Götz R, and
Baumann R, Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp
Physiol 271: R982-R989, 1996; Dragon S, Hille R, Götz
R, and Baumann R, Blood 91: 3052-3058, 1998; Million D,
Zillner P, and Baumann R, Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 261: R1188-R1196, 1991) in an
indirect way: hypoxia stimulates the release of norepinephrine
(NE)/adenosine into the circulation (Dragon et al., J Exp
Biol 202: 2787-2795, 1999; Dragon et al., Am J
Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 271: R982-R989,
1996). This leads via erythroid
-adrenergic/adenosine A2 receptor activation to a cAMP signal inducing several
proteins in a transcription-dependent manner (Dragon et al.,
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 271:
R982-R989, 1996; Dragon et al., Blood 91:
3052-3058, 1998; Glombitza S, Dragon S, Berghammer M, Pannermayr
M, and Baumann R, Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp
Physiol 271: R973-R981, 1996). To understand how the
cAMP-dependent processes are initiated, we screened an erythroid cDNA
library for cAMP-regulated genes. We detected three genes that were
strongly upregulated (>5-fold) by cAMP in definitive and primitive red blood cells. They are homologous to the mammalian Tob, Ifr1, and Fos
proteins. In addition, the genes are induced in the intact embryo
during short-term hypoxia. Because the genes are regulators of
proliferation and differentiation in other cell types, we suggest that
cAMP might promote general differentiating processes in erythroid cells, thereby allowing adaptive modulation of the latest steps of
erythroid differentiation during developmental hypoxia.
erythropoiesis; terminal differentiation; adaptation; gene expression
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