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Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Universiteit Maastricht, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
We describe the feasibility of
chronic measurement of cardiac output (CO) in conscious mice. With the
use of gas anesthesia, mice >30 g body wt were instrumented either
with transit-time flow probes or electromagnetic probes placed on the
ascending aorta. Ascending aortic flow values were recorded 6-16
days after surgery when probes had fully grown in. In the first set of
experiments, while mice were under ketamine-xylazine anesthesia,
estimates of stroke volume (SV) obtained by the transit-time technique
were compared with those simultaneously obtained by echocardiography. Transit-time values of SV were similar to those obtained by
echocardiography. The average difference ± SD between the methods
was 2 ± 7 µl. In the second set of studies, transit-time values
of CO were compared with those obtained by the electromagnetic flow
probes. In conscious resting conditions, estimates (±SD) of cardiac
index (CI) obtained by the transit-time and electromagnetic flow probes
were 484 ± 119 and 531 ± 103 ml · min
1 · kg body wt1,
respectively. Transit-time flow probes were also implanted in mice with
a myocardial infarction (MI) induced by ligation of a coronary artery 3 wk before probe implantation. In these MI mice (n = 7),
average (±SD) resting and stimulated (by volume loading) values of CO
were significantly lower than in noninfarcted mice (n = 15) (resting CO 16 ± 3 vs. 20 ± 4 ml/min; stimulated CO
20 ± 5 vs. 26 ± 6 ml/min). Finally, using transfer function analysis, we found that, in resting conditions for both intact and MI
mice, spontaneous variations in CO (>0.1 Hz) were mainly due to those
occurring in SV rather than in heart rate. These data indicate that CO
can be measured chronically and reliably in conscious mice, also in
conditions of heart failure, and that variations in preload are an
important determinant of CO in this species.
heart function; echocardiography; myocardial infarction; spectral analysis
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