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Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Universiteit Maastricht, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands
Knowledge on murine blood pressure and heart rate control
mechanisms is limited. With the use of a tethering system, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and pulse interval (PI) were continuously recorded for periods up to 3 wk in Swiss mice. The day-to-day variation
of MAP and PI was stable from 5 days after surgery. Within each mouse
(n = 9), MAP and PI varied by 21 ± 6 mmHg and 17 ± 4 ms
around their respective 24-h averages (97 ± 3 mmHg and 89 ± 3 ms).
Over 24-h periods, MAP and PI were bimodally distributed and clustered
around two preferential states. Short-term variability of MAP and PI
was compared between the resting (control) and active states using
spectral analysis. In resting conditions, variability of MAP was mainly
confined to frequencies <1 Hz, whereas variability of PI was
predominantly linked to the respiration cycle (3-6 Hz). In the
active state, MAP power increased in the 0.08- to 3-Hz range, whereas
PI power fell in the 0.08- to 0.4-Hz range. In both conditions,
coherence between MAP and PI was high at 0.4 Hz with MAP leading the PI
fluctuations by 0.3-0.4 s, suggesting that reflex coupling between
MAP and PI occurred at the same frequency range as in rats. Short-term
variability of MAP and PI was studied after intravenous injection of
autonomic blockers. Compared with the resting control state, MAP fell
and PI increased after ganglionic blockade with hexamethonium.
Comparable responses of MAP were obtained with the 
-blocker
prazosin, whereas the 
-blocker metoprolol increased PI similarly.
Muscarinic blockade with atropine did not significantly alter
steady-state levels of MAP and PI. Both hexamethonium and prazosin
decreased MAP variability in the 0.08- to 1-Hz range. In contrast,
after hexamethonium and metoprolol, PI variability increased in the
0.4- to 3-Hz range. Atropine had no effect on MAP fluctuations but
decreased those of PI in the 0.08- to 1-Hz range. These data indicate
that, in mice, blood pressure and its variability are predominantly
under sympathetic control, whereas both vagal and sympathetic nerves
control PI variability. Blockade of endogenous nitric oxide formation
by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester
increased MAP variability specifically in the 0.08- to 0.4-Hz
range, suggesting a role of nitric oxide in buffering blood pressure fluctuations.
autonomic control; baroreflex; circadian rhythm; set point; spectral analysis
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